Attenzione: i dati modificati non sono ancora stati salvati. Per confermare inserimenti o cancellazioni di voci è necessario confermare con il tasto SALVA/INSERISCI in fondo alla pagina
Università LUM Giuseppe Degennaro - sito della Ricerca Institutional Research Information System
High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
Taddei C.;Zhou B.;Bixby H.;Carrillo-Larco R. M.;Danaei G.;Jackson R. T.;Farzadfar F.;Sophiea M. K.;Di Cesare M.;Iurilli M. L. C.;Martinez A. R.;Asghari G.;Dhana K.;Gulayin P.;Kakarmath S.;Santero M.;Voortman T.;Riley L. M.;Cowan M. J.;Savin S.;Bennett J. E.;Stevens G. A.;Paciorek C. J.;Aekplakorn W.;Cifkova R.;Giampaoli S.;Kengne A. P.;Khang Y. -H.;Kuulasmaa K.;Laxmaiah A.;Margozzini P.;Mathur P.;Nordestgaard B. G.;Zhao D.;Aadahl M.;Abarca-Gomez L.;Rahim H. A.;Abu-Rmeileh N. M.;Acosta-Cazares B.;Adams R. J.;Agdeppa I. A.;Aghazadeh-Attari J.;Aguilar-Salinas C. A.;Agyemang C.;Ahluwalia T. S.;Ahmad N. A.;Ahmadi A.;Ahmadi N.;Ahmed S. H.;Ahrens W.;Ajlouni K.;Alarouj M.;AlBuhairan F.;AlDhukair S.;Ali M. M.;Alkandari A.;Alkerwi A.;Aly E.;Amarapurkar D. N.;Amouyel P.;Andersen L. B.;Anderssen S. A.;Anjana R. M.;Ansari-Moghaddam A.;Aounallah-Skhiri H.;Araujo J.;Ariansen I.;Aris T.;Arku R. E.;Arlappa N.;Aryal K. K.;Aspelund T.;Assuncao M. C. F.;Auvinen J.;Avdicova M.;Azevedo A.;Azizi F.;Azmin M.;Balakrishna N.;Bamoshmoosh M.;Banach M.;Bandosz P.;Banegas J. R.;Barbagallo C. M.;Barcelo A.;Barkat A.;Bata I.;Batieha A. M.;Batyrbek A.;Baur L. A.;Beaglehole R.;Belavendra A.;Ben Romdhane H.;Benet M.;Benn M.;Berkinbayev S.;Bernabe-Ortiz A.;Bernotiene G.;Bettiol H.;Bhargava S. K.;Bi Y.;Bienek A.;Bikbov M.;Bista B.;Bjerregaard P.;Bjertness E.;Bjertness M. B.;Bjorkelund C.;Bloch K. V.;Blokstra A.;Bo S.;Boehm B. O.;Boggia J. G.;Boissonnet C. P.;Bonaccio M.;Bongard V.;Borchini R.;Borghs H.;Bovet P.;Brajkovich I.;Breckenkamp J.;Brenner H.;Brewster L. M.;Bruno G.;Bugge A.;Busch M. A.;de Leon A. C.;Cacciottolo J.;Can G.;Candido A. P. C.;Capanzana M. V.;Capuano E.;Capuano V.;Cardoso V. C.;Carvalho J.;Casanueva F. F.;Censi L.;Chadjigeorgiou C. A.;Chamukuttan S.;Chaturvedi N.;Chen C. -J.;Chen F.;Chen S.;Cheng C. -Y.;Cheraghian B.;Chetrit A.;Chiou S. -T.;Chirlaque M. -D.;Cho B.;Cho Y.;Chudek J.;Claessens F.;Clarke J.;Clays E.;Concin H.;Confortin S. C.;Cooper C.;Costanzo S.;Cottel D.;Cowell C.;Crujeiras A. B.;Csilla S.;Cui L.;Cureau F. V.;D'Arrigo G.;d'Orsi E.;Dallongeville J.;Damasceno A.;Dankner R.;Dantoft T. M.;Dauchet L.;Davletov K.;De Backer G.;De Bacquer D.;de Gaetano G.;De Henauw S.;de Oliveira P. D.;De Ridder D.;De Smedt D.;Deepa M.;Deev A. D.;Dehghan A.;Delisle H.;Dennison E.;Deschamps V.;Dhimal M.;Di Castelnuovo A. F.;Dika Z.;Djalalinia S.;Dobson A. J.;Donfrancesco C.;Donoso S. P.;Doring A.;Dorobantu M.;Dragano N.;Drygas W.;Du Y.;Duante C. A.;Duda R. B.;Dzerve V.;Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E.;Eddie R.;Eftekhar E.;Eggertsen R.;Eghtesad S.;Eiben G.;Ekelund U.;El Ati J.;Eldemire-Shearer D.;Eliasen M.;Elosua R.;Erasmus R. T.;Erbel R.;Erem C.;Eriksen L.;Eriksson J. G.;Escobedo-de la Pena J.;Eslami S.;Esmaeili A.;Evans A.;Faeh D.;Fall C. H.;Faramarzi E.;Farjam M.;Fattahi M. R.;Felix-Redondo F. J.;Ferguson T. S.;Fernandez-Berges D.;Ferrante D.;Ferrari M.;Ferreccio C.;Ferrieres J.;Foger B.;Foo L. H.;Forslund A. -S.;Forsner M.;Fouad H. M.;Francis D. K.;do Carmo Franco M.;Franco O. H.;Frontera G.;Fujita Y.;Fumihiko M.;Furusawa T.;Gaciong Z.;Galvano F.;Gao J.;Garcia-de-la-Hera M.;Garnett S. P.;Gaspoz J. -M.;Gasull M.;Gazzinelli A.;Geleijnse J. M.;Ghanbari A.;Ghasemi E.;Gheorghe-Fronea O. -F.;Ghimire A.;Gianfagna F.;Gill T. K.;Giovannelli J.;Gironella G.;Giwercman A.;Goltzman D.;Goncalves H.;Gonzalez-Chica D. A.;Gonzalez-Gross M.;Gonzalez-Rivas J. P.;Gonzalez-Villalpando C.;Gonzalez-Villalpando M. -E.;Gonzalez A. R.;Gottrand F.;Graff-Iversen S.;Grafnetter D.;Gregor R. D.;Grodzicki T.;Grontved A.;Grosso G.;Gruden G.;Gu D.;Guallar-Castillon P.;Guan O. P.;Gudmundsson E. F.;Gudnason V.;Guerrero R.;Guessous I.;Gunnlaugsdottir J.;Gupta R.;Gutierrez L.;Gutzwiller F.;Ha S.;Hadaegh F.;Haghshenas R.;Hakimi H.;Hambleton I. R.;Hamzeh B.;Hantunen S.;Kumar R. H.;Hashemi-Shahri S. M.;Hata J.;Haugsgjerd T.;Hayes A. J.;He J.;He Y.;Hendriks M. E.;Henriques A.;Herrala S.;Heshmat R.;Hill A. G.;Ho S. Y.;Ho S. C.;Hobbs M.;Hofman A.;Homayounfar R.;Hopman W. M.;Horimoto A. R. V. R.;Hormiga C. M.;Horta B. L.;Houti L.;Howitt C.;Htay T. T.;Htet A. S.;Htike M. M. T.;Huerta J. M.;Huhtaniemi I. T.;Huisman M.;Hunsberger M. L.;Husseini A. S.;Huybrechts I.;Hwalla N.;Iacoviello L.;Iannone A. G.;Ibrahim M. M.;Wong N. I.;Iglesia I.;Ikeda N.;Ikram M. A.;Iotova V.;Irazola V. E.;Ishida T.;Islam M.;al-Safi Ismail A.;Iwasaki M.;Jacobs J. M.;Jaddou H. Y.;Jafar T.;James K.;Jamrozik K.;Janszky I.;Janus E.;Jarvelin M. -R.;Jasienska G.;Jelakovic A.;Jelakovic B.;Jennings G.;Jensen G. B.;Jeong S. -L.;Jha A. K.;Jiang C. Q.;Jimenez R. O.;Jockel K. -H.;Joffres M.;Jokelainen J. J.;Jonas J. B.;Jorgensen T.;Joshi P.;Joukar F.;Jozwiak J.;Juolevi A.;Kafatos A.;Kajantie E. O.;Kalter-Leibovici O.;Kamaruddin N. A.;Kamstrup P. R.;Karki K. B.;Katz J.;Kauhanen J.;Kaur P.;Kavousi M.;Kazakbaeva G.;Keil U.;Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S.;Kelishadi R.;Keramati M.;Kerimkulova A.;Kersting M.;Khader Y. S.;Khalili D.;Khateeb M.;Kheradmand M.;Khosravi A.;Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U.;Kiechl S.;Killewo J.;Kim H. C.;Kim J.;Kim Y. -Y.;Klumbiene J.;Knoflach M.;Ko S.;Kohler H. -P.;Kohler I. V.;Kolle E.;Kolsteren P.;Konig J.;Korpelainen R.;Korrovits P.;Kos J.;Koskinen S.;Kouda K.;Kowlessur S.;Kratzer W.;Kriemler S.;Kristensen P. L.;Krokstad S.;Kromhout D.;Kujala U. M.;Kurjata P.;Kyobutungi C.;Laamiri F. Z.;Laatikainen T.;Lachat C.;Laid Y.;Lam T. H.;Lambrinou C. -P.;Lanska V.;Lappas G.;Larijani B.;Latt T. S.;Laugsand L. E.;Lazo-Porras M.;Lee J.;Lee J.;Lehmann N.;Lehtimaki T.;Levitt N. S.;Li Y.;Lilly C. L.;Lim W. -Y.;Lima-Costa M. F.;Lin H. -H.;Lin X.;Lin Y. -T.;Lind L.;Linneberg A.;Lissner L.;Liu J.;Loit H. -M.;Lopez-Garcia E.;Lopez T.;Lotufo P. A.;Lozano J. E.;Luksiene D.;Lundqvist A.;Lundqvist R.;Lunet N.;Ma G.;Machado-Coelho G. L. L.;Machado-Rodrigues A. M.;Machi S.;Madar A. A.;Maggi S.;Magliano D. J.;Magriplis E.;Mahasampath G.;Maire B.;Makdisse M.;Malekzadeh F.;Malekzadeh R.;Rao K. M.;Manios Y.;Mann J. I.;Mansour-Ghanaei F.;Manzato E.;Marques-Vidal P.;Martorell R.;Mascarenhas L. P.;Mathiesen E. B.;Matsha T. E.;Mavrogianni C.;McFarlane S. R.;McGarvey S. T.;McLachlan S.;McLean R. M.;McLean S. B.;McNulty B. A.;Mediene-Benchekor S.;Mehdipour P.;Mehlig K.;Mehrparvar A. H.;Meirhaeghe A.;Meisinger C.;Menezes A. M. B.;Menon G. R.;Merat S.;Mereke A.;Meshram I. I.;Metcalf P.;Meyer H. E.;Mi J.;Michels N.;Miller J. C.;Minderico C. S.;Mini G. K.;Miquel J. F.;Miranda J. J.;Mirjalili M. R.;Mirrakhimov E.;Modesti P. A.;Moghaddam S. S.;Mohajer B.;Mohamed M. K.;Mohammad K.;Mohammadi Z.;Mohammadifard N.;Mohammadpourhodki R.;Mohan V.;Mohanna S.;Yusoff M. F. M.;Mohebbi I.;Mohebi F.;Moitry M.;Mollehave L. T.;Moller N. C.;Molnar D.;Momenan A.;Mondo C. K.;Monterrubio-Flores E.;Moosazadeh M.;Morejon A.;Moreno L. A.;Morgan K.;Morin S. N.;Moschonis G.;Mossakowska M.;Mostafa A.;Mota J.;Motlagh M. E.;Motta J.;Msyamboza K. P.;Muiesan M. L.;Muller-Nurasyid M.;Mursu J.;Mustafa N.;Nabipour I.;Naderimagham S.;Nagel G.;Naidu B. M.;Najafi F.;Nakamura H.;Namesna J.;Nang E. E. K.;Nangia V. B.;Nauck M.;Neal W. A.;Nejatizadeh A.;Nenko I.;Nervi F.;Nguyen N. D.;Nguyen Q. N.;Nieto-Martinez R. E.;Nihal T.;Niiranen T. J.;Ning G.;Ninomiya T.;Noale M.;Noboa O. A.;Noto D.;Nsour M. A.;Nuhoglu I.;O'Neill T. W.;O'Reilly D.;Ochoa-Aviles A. M.;Oh K.;Ohtsuka R.;Olafsson O.;Olie V.;Oliveira I. O.;Omar M. A.;Onat A.;Ong S. K.;Ordunez P.;Ornelas R.;Ortiz P. J.;Osmond C.;Ostojic S. M.;Ostovar A.;Otero J. A.;Owusu-Dabo E.;Paccaud F. M.;Pahomova E.;Pajak A.;Palmieri L.;Pan W. -H.;Panda-Jonas S.;Panza F.;Parnell W. R.;Patel N. D.;Peer N.;Peixoto S. V.;Peltonen M.;Pereira A. C.;Peters A.;Petersmann A.;Petkeviciene J.;Peykari N.;Pham S. T.;Pichardo R. N.;Pigeot I.;Pilav A.;Pilotto L.;Piwonska A.;Pizarro A. N.;Plans-Rubio P.;Plata S.;Pohlabeln H.;Porta M.;Portegies M. L. P.;Poudyal A.;Pourfarzi F.;Poustchi H.;Pradeepa R.;Price J. F.;Providencia R.;Puder J. J.;Puhakka S. E.;Punab M.;Qorbani M.;Bao T. Q.;Radisauskas R.;Rahimikazerooni S.;Raitakari O.;Rao S. R.;Ramachandran A.;Ramos E.;Ramos R.;Rampal L.;Rampal S.;Redon J.;Reganit P. F. M.;Revilla L.;Rezaianzadeh A.;Ribeiro R.;Richter A.;Rigo F.;Rinke de Wit T. F.;Rodriguez-Artalejo F.;del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez M.;Rodriguez-Villamizar L. A.;Roggenbuck U.;Rojas-Martinez R.;Romaguera D.;Romeo E. L.;Rosengren A.;Roy J. G. R.;Rubinstein A.;Ruidavets J. -B.;Ruiz-Betancourt B. S.;Russo P.;Rust P.;Rutkowski M.;Sabanayagam C.;Sachdev H. S.;Sadjadi A.;Safarpour A. R.;Safiri S.;Saidi O.;Saki N.;Salanave B.;Salmeron D.;Salomaa V.;Salonen J. T.;Salvetti M.;Sanchez-Abanto J.;Sans S.;Santaliestra-Pasias A. M.;Santos D. A.;Santos M. P.;Santos R.;Saramies J. L.;Sardinha L. B.;Sarrafzadegan N.;Saum K. -U.;Savva S. C.;Sawada N.;Sbaraini M.;Scazufca M.;Schaan B. D.;Schargrodsky H.;Scheidt-Nave C.;Schienkiewitz A.;Schipf S.;Schmidt C. O.;Schottker B.;Schramm S.;Sebert S.;Sein A. A.;Sen A.;Sepanlou S. G.;Servais J.;Shakeri R.;Shalnova S. A.;Shamah-Levy T.;Sharafkhah M.;Sharma S. K.;Shaw J. E.;Shayanrad A.;Shi Z.;Shibuya K.;Shimizu-Furusawa H.;Shin D. W.;Shin Y.;Shirani M.;Shiri R.;Shrestha N.;Si-Ramlee K.;Siani A.;Siantar R.;Sibai A. M.;Silva D. A. S.;Simon M.;Simons J.;Simons L. A.;Sjostrom M.;Skaaby T.;Slowikowska-Hilczer J.;Slusarczyk P.;Smeeth L.;Snijder M. B.;Soderberg S.;Soemantri A.;Sofat R.;Solfrizzi V.;Somi M. H.;Sonestedt E.;Sorensen T. I. A.;Jerome C. S.;Soumare A.;Sozmen K.;Sparrenberger K.;Staessen J. A.;Stathopoulou M. G.;Stavreski B.;Steene-Johannessen J.;Stehle P.;Stein A. D.;Stessman J.;Stevanovic R.;Stieber J.;Stockl D.;Stokwiszewski J.;Stronks K.;Strufaldi M. W.;Suarez-Medina R.;Sun C. -A.;Sundstrom J.;Suriyawongpaisal P.;Sy R. G.;Sylva R. C.;Szklo M.;Tai E. S.;Tamosiunas A.;Tan E. J.;Tarawneh M. R.;Tarqui-Mamani C. B.;Taylor A.;Taylor J.;Tell G. S.;Tello T.;Thankappan K. R.;Thijs L.;Thuesen B. H.;Toft U.;Tolonen H. K.;Tolstrup J. S.;Topbas M.;Topor-Madry R.;Tormo M. J.;Tornaritis M. J.;Torrent M.;Torres-Collado L.;Traissac P.;Trinh O. T. H.;Truthmann J.;Tsugane S.;Tulloch-Reid M. K.;Tuomainen T. -P.;Tuomilehto J.;Tybjaerg-Hansen A.;Tzourio C.;Ueda P.;Ugel E.;Ulmer H.;Unal B.;Uusitalo H. M. T.;Valdivia G.;Valvi D.;van Dam R. M.;van der Schouw Y. T.;Van Herck K.;Van Minh H.;van Rossem L.;Van Schoor N. M.;van Valkengoed I. G. M.;Vanderschueren D.;Vanuzzo D.;Varbo A.;Varona-Perez P.;Vasan S. K.;Vatten L.;Vega T.;Veidebaum T.;Velasquez-Melendez G.;Venero-Fernandez S. J.;Veronesi G.;Verschuren W. M. M.;Victora C. G.;Vidiawati D.;Viet L.;Villalpando S.;Vioque J.;Virtanen J. K.;Visvikis-Siest S.;Viswanathan B.;Vlasoff T.;Vollenweider P.;Voutilainen A.;Wade A. N.;Wagner A.;Walton J.;Bebakar W. M. W.;Mohamud W. N. W.;Wang M. -D.;Wang N.;Wang Q.;Wang Y. X.;Wang Y. -W.;Wannamethee S. G.;Wedderkopp N.;Wei W.;Whincup P. H.;Widhalm K.;Widyahening I. S.;Wiecek A.;Wijga A. H.;Wilks R. J.;Willeit J.;Willeit P.;Wilsgaard T.;Wojtyniak B.;Wong-McClure R. A.;Wong A.;Wong T. Y.;Woo J.;Woodward M.;Wu F. C.;Wu S.;Xu H.;Xu L.;Yan W.;Yang X.;Yasuharu T.;Ye X.;Yeow T. P.;Yiallouros P. K.;Yoosefi M.;Yoshihara A.;You S. -L.;Younger-Coleman N. O.;Yusoff A. F.;Zainuddin A. A.;Zakavi S. R.;Zali M. R.;Zamani F.;Zambon S.;Zampelas A.;Zaw K. K.;Zdrojewski T.;Vrkic T. Z.;Zhang Z. -Y.;Zhao W.;Zhen S.;Zheng Y.;Zholdin B.;Zhussupov B.;Zoghlami N.;Cisneros J. Z.;Gregg E. W.;Ezzati M.
2020-01-01
Abstract
High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12572/15925
Citazioni
ND
social impact
Conferma cancellazione
Sei sicuro che questo prodotto debba essere cancellato?
simulazione ASN
Il report seguente simula gli indicatori relativi alla propria produzione scientifica in relazione alle soglie ASN 2023-2025 del proprio SC/SSD. Si ricorda che il superamento dei valori soglia (almeno 2 su 3) è requisito necessario ma non sufficiente al conseguimento dell'abilitazione. La simulazione si basa sui dati IRIS e sugli indicatori bibliometrici alla data indicata e non tiene conto di eventuali periodi di congedo obbligatorio, che in sede di domanda ASN danno diritto a incrementi percentuali dei valori. La simulazione può differire dall'esito di un’eventuale domanda ASN sia per errori di catalogazione e/o dati mancanti in IRIS, sia per la variabilità dei dati bibliometrici nel tempo. Si consideri che Anvur calcola i valori degli indicatori all'ultima data utile per la presentazione delle domande.
La presente simulazione è stata realizzata sulla base delle specifiche raccolte sul tavolo ER del Focus Group IRIS coordinato dall’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e delle regole riportate nel DM 589/2018 e allegata Tabella A. Cineca, l’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e il Focus Group IRIS non si assumono alcuna responsabilità in merito all’uso che il diretto interessato o terzi faranno della simulazione. Si specifica inoltre che la simulazione contiene calcoli effettuati con dati e algoritmi di pubblico dominio e deve quindi essere considerata come un mero ausilio al calcolo svolgibile manualmente o con strumenti equivalenti.
