The article examines the legal classification of smart contracts, distinguishing between three levels of programming: the economic programme, which describes the operation to be carried out; the computer programme (i.e. coding), which automates its execution; and the negotiated programme (i.e. the contract), which legally binds the parties involved. It highlights that, although coding and contracts can converge towards the same economic goal, they remain conceptually distinct: the former can produce economic effects, but only the latter can ensure their binding and stable nature, qualifying their outcomes as legally protected rights. This highlights the illusory nature of the idea that the realisation and stability of economic transactions can be solely based on the execution of coding without a contract, even if included in a blockchain, in the absence of an act suitable for legally protecting the underlying interest. Conversely, when the parties agree to commit to the terms defined by the coding, the contractual regulation is integrated by the software itself. This software then conforms to the terms (conformative coding), thus assuming full and direct legal relevance as recognised by Article 8-ter of the Simplification Decree. Finally, the analysis extends to algorithmic contracts, in which artificial intelligence contributes to the formation and/ or determination of the contract’s content, though it does not replace human will, which remains the only legally relevant source.
L’articolo esamina la qualificazione giuridica degli smart contract, distinguendo tra tre livelli di programmazione: il programma economico, che descrive l’operazione da realizzare; il programma informatico (ossia il coding), che ne automatizza l’esecuzione; e il programma negoziale (ossia il contratto), che vincola giuridicamente le parti coinvolte. Si evidenzia che, sebbene coding e contratto possano convergere verso il medesimo obiettivo economico, essi restano concettualmente distinti: il primo può produrre effetti economici, ma solo il secondo può assicurarne il carattere vincolante e stabile, qualificandone gli esiti come diritti giuridicamente protetti. Ciò mette in luce il carattere illusorio dell’idea secondo cui la realizzazione e la stabilità delle transazioni economiche possano fondarsi esclusivamente sull’esecuzione del codice, anche se inserito in una blockchain, in assenza di un atto idoneo a tutelare giuridicamente l’interesse sottostante. Viceversa, quando le parti concordano di vincolarsi ai termini definiti dal coding, la disciplina contrattuale viene integrata dal software stesso. Quest’ultimo si conforma così alle pattuizioni (conformative coding), assumendo una piena e diretta rilevanza giuridica, come riconosciuto dall’articolo 8-ter del Decreto Semplificazioni. Infine, l’analisi si estende ai contratti algoritmici, nei quali l’intelligenza artificiale contribuisce alla formazione e/o alla determinazione del contenuto contrattuale, senza tuttavia sostituire la volontà umana, che rimane l’unica fonte giuridicamente rilevante.
Smart contract e autonomia privata
Francesco Ricci
2025-01-01
Abstract
The article examines the legal classification of smart contracts, distinguishing between three levels of programming: the economic programme, which describes the operation to be carried out; the computer programme (i.e. coding), which automates its execution; and the negotiated programme (i.e. the contract), which legally binds the parties involved. It highlights that, although coding and contracts can converge towards the same economic goal, they remain conceptually distinct: the former can produce economic effects, but only the latter can ensure their binding and stable nature, qualifying their outcomes as legally protected rights. This highlights the illusory nature of the idea that the realisation and stability of economic transactions can be solely based on the execution of coding without a contract, even if included in a blockchain, in the absence of an act suitable for legally protecting the underlying interest. Conversely, when the parties agree to commit to the terms defined by the coding, the contractual regulation is integrated by the software itself. This software then conforms to the terms (conformative coding), thus assuming full and direct legal relevance as recognised by Article 8-ter of the Simplification Decree. Finally, the analysis extends to algorithmic contracts, in which artificial intelligence contributes to the formation and/ or determination of the contract’s content, though it does not replace human will, which remains the only legally relevant source.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
